Perf: pause off-screen 3D scenes; cheaper materials and lighting

The previous build kicked off 7 simultaneous WebGL render loops (1 hero + 6
typology canvases), each running at 60fps with shadow recompute, multiple
directional lights and (on the contemporary house) an expensive
MeshPhysicalMaterial with transmission. By the bottom of the page the GPU
budget was completely saturated and scrolling juddered.

Changes:
- Scene render loop now respects an `active` flag; rAF stops when paused
- IntersectionObserver in bootstrap activates only canvases in/near viewport
  (rootMargin 150px), pauses the rest
- Hero scene also gets its own IO so it stops rendering once scrolled past
- visibilitychange listener pauses every scene when the tab is backgrounded
- Hero canvas shadow render is on-demand via a `needsRender` flag — auto-rotate
  still triggers a re-render each frame (otherwise nothing moves), but pointer
  drag, resize and idle frames coalesce
- Replaced MeshPhysicalMaterial (multi-pass transmission) with a cheap
  MeshStandardMaterial for contemporary house glass — visually almost identical
- Reduced per-scene lighting from hemi+key+fill+rim (4 lights) to hemi+key (2)
- DPR cap lowered from 2 to 1.5 — invisible at typical viewing distance
- Disabled MSAA when DPR > 1.25; relies on supersampling instead

End-of-page scroll should now be smooth on integrated GPUs.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

package-lock.json

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@@ -5504,6 +6346,31 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
       }
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+        "error-stack-parser-es": "^1.0.5"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/zod": {
       "version": "4.3.6",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/zod/-/zod-4.3.6.tgz",

package.json

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@types/three": "^0.184.0",
-    "sharp": "^0.34.5"
+    "sharp": "^0.34.5",
+    "wrangler": "^4.83.0"
   }
 }

src/components/Hero.astro

@@ -92,5 +92,21 @@
     // Camera position tweak for hero
     ctx.camera.position.set(7, 5, 8);
     ctx.camera.lookAt(0, 2.4, 0);
+
+    // Pause hero render loop when scrolled past — saves GPU for the rest of the page
+    const heroSection = canvas.closest('section');
+    if (heroSection) {
+      const io = new IntersectionObserver(
+        ([entry]) => ctx.setActive(entry.isIntersecting && entry.intersectionRatio > 0.02),
+        { threshold: [0, 0.02, 0.5] }
+      );
+      io.observe(heroSection);
+    } else {
+      ctx.setActive(true);
+    }
+
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
+      if (document.hidden) ctx.setActive(false);
+    });
   }
 </script>

src/three/bootstrap.ts

@@ -22,20 +22,47 @@ function init() {
   const canvases = document.querySelectorAll<HTMLCanvasElement>('canvas[data-house-canvas]');
   if (!canvases.length) return;
 
-  // Use IntersectionObserver to lazy-init scenes only when scrolled into view
+  // Single observer: visible canvases get scenes initialized AND activated;
+  // off-screen scenes are paused (no rAF, no GPU work)
   const io = new IntersectionObserver(
     (entries) => {
       for (const entry of entries) {
-        if (entry.isIntersecting) {
+        const canvas = entry.target as HTMLCanvasElement;
-          ensureScene(entry.target as HTMLCanvasElement);
+        const visible = entry.isIntersecting && entry.intersectionRatio > 0.05;
+        if (visible) {
+          const ctx = ensureScene(canvas);
+          ctx?.setActive(true);
+        } else {
+          const ctx = sceneMap.get(canvas);
+          ctx?.setActive(false);
         }
       }
     },
-    { rootMargin: '300px 0px' }
+    { rootMargin: '150px 0px', threshold: [0, 0.05, 0.5] }
   );
 
   canvases.forEach((c) => io.observe(c));
 
+  // Pause everything when tab hidden
+  document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
+    const hidden = document.hidden;
+    canvases.forEach((c) => {
+      const ctx = sceneMap.get(c);
+      if (!ctx) return;
+      if (hidden) ctx.setActive(false);
+    });
+    if (!hidden) {
+      // Re-trigger IO callbacks by forcing rect reads via observe (or just check visibility)
+      canvases.forEach((c) => {
+        const ctx = sceneMap.get(c);
+        if (!ctx) return;
+        const r = c.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const inView = r.bottom > -150 && r.top < window.innerHeight + 150;
+        if (inView) ctx.setActive(true);
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
   // Hide drag hint after first user interaction
   document.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-typology]').forEach((sec) => {
     const canvas = sec.querySelector<HTMLCanvasElement>('canvas[data-house-canvas]');

src/three/houses.ts

@@ -317,14 +317,13 @@ function buildContemporan(): THREE.Group {
   const wall = makeWallMaterial('#f1ecdf');
   const wood = makeWallMaterial('#7e5d36');
   const woodLight = makeWallMaterial('#bf9b6f');
-  const glass = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({
+  // Cheap glass — avoid MeshPhysicalMaterial (transmission is very expensive on weak GPUs)
-    color: '#84b6cd',
+  const glass = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
-    transmission: 0.6,
+    color: '#9ec5d9',
     transparent: true,
     opacity: 0.55,
-    roughness: 0.05,
+    roughness: 0.15,
-    metalness: 0.1,
+    metalness: 0.4,
-    clearcoat: 1,
   });
   const roof = makeRoofMaterial('#3a1c10');
 
@@ -410,11 +409,18 @@ export type SceneCtx = {
   house: THREE.Group;
   destroy: () => void;
   setSize: (w: number, h: number) => void;
+  setActive: (active: boolean) => void;
 };
 
 export function createHouseScene(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, id: HouseId, opts?: { background?: string; autoRotate?: boolean }): SceneCtx {
-  const dpr = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
+  // Cap DPR aggressively — 1.5 is invisible visually, big perf win
-  const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ canvas, antialias: true, alpha: true });
+  const dpr = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 1.5);
+  const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({
+    canvas,
+    antialias: dpr <= 1.25,  // skip MSAA when DPR already > 1, FXAA-equivalent quality
+    alpha: true,
+    powerPreference: 'high-performance',
+  });
   renderer.setPixelRatio(dpr);
   renderer.setClearColor(0x000000, 0);
   renderer.toneMapping = THREE.ACESFilmicToneMapping;
@@ -427,18 +433,12 @@ export function createHouseScene(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, id: HouseId, opts?:
   camera.position.set(6, 4.2, 7);
   camera.lookAt(0, 1.6, 0);
 
-  // Lighting — warm key + cool fill + rim
+  // Lighting — minimal: hemi + 1 directional. Cuts uniform updates per frame.
-  const hemi = new THREE.HemisphereLight(0xfdf6f1, 0x3a1c10, 0.6);
+  const hemi = new THREE.HemisphereLight(0xfdf6f1, 0x3a1c10, 0.85);
   scene.add(hemi);
-  const key = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffeacc, 1.4);
+  const key = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffeacc, 1.2);
   key.position.set(5, 8, 5);
   scene.add(key);
-  const fill = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0x84b6cd, 0.45);
-  fill.position.set(-6, 4, -3);
-  scene.add(fill);
-  const rim = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffffff, 0.4);
-  rim.position.set(0, 3, -8);
-  scene.add(rim);
 
   // Ground disc
   const ground = new THREE.Mesh(
@@ -462,18 +462,40 @@ export function createHouseScene(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, id: HouseId, opts?:
   scene.add(shadow);
 
   let raf = 0;
-  const clock = new THREE.Clock();
+  let active = false;
+  let needsRender = true;  // one initial render when first activated
+  let rotationTime = 0;    // accumulated time only while active
+  let lastFrame = 0;
   let scrollAdd = 0;
 
-  function tick() {
+  function tick(now: number) {
-    const t = clock.getElapsedTime();
+    if (!active) {
-    if (opts?.autoRotate !== false) {
+      raf = 0;
-      house.rotation.y = t * 0.25 + scrollAdd;
+      return;
     }
+    const dt = lastFrame ? Math.min((now - lastFrame) / 1000, 0.1) : 0;
+    lastFrame = now;
+    if (opts?.autoRotate !== false) {
+      rotationTime += dt;
+      house.rotation.y = rotationTime * 0.25 + scrollAdd;
+      needsRender = true;
+    }
+    if (needsRender) {
       renderer.render(scene, camera);
+      needsRender = false;
+    }
     raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
   }
-  tick();
+
+  function setActive(a: boolean) {
+    if (a === active) return;
+    active = a;
+    if (a) {
+      lastFrame = 0;
+      needsRender = true;
+      if (!raf) raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+    }
+  }
 
   function setSize(w: number, h: number) {
     renderer.setSize(w, h, false);
@@ -494,6 +516,7 @@ export function createHouseScene(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, id: HouseId, opts?:
     const dx = e.clientX - lastX;
     lastX = e.clientX;
     scrollAdd += dx * 0.01;
+    needsRender = true;
   };
   const onUp = (e: PointerEvent) => {
     dragging = false;
@@ -510,7 +533,9 @@ export function createHouseScene(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, id: HouseId, opts?:
     camera,
     house,
     setSize,
+    setActive,
     destroy() {
+      active = false;
       cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
       canvas.removeEventListener('pointerdown', onDown);
       canvas.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove);